![]() NOT will provide search results containing the first of your keywords but not the second. Example: Using ORhorticultural OR agricultural NOT Use this when you want results that contain at least one (though not necessarily both) of your chosen keywords. OR will provide search results containing at least one of your keywords. Example: Using ANDAnthropocene AND climate change AND ecosystem OR Use this when you want results that contain two or more specific keywords. This will return results containing words such as “development,” “developer,” and “developing.”ĪND will provide search results containing both or all of your keywords. Provides results that contain a variation of the keyword Provides results that contain the first keyword but not the secondĪllows you to group together keywords and control the order in which the terms will be searched Provides results that contain either keyword Provides results that contain both or all keywords Useful Boolean operators Boolean operator It’s also very helpful when you’re working on a literature review or systematic review. Knowing how to use Boolean operators effectively can save you a lot of time and help you to find useful sources, determine the relevance of your research topic, and create strong research questions. ![]() Frequently asked questions about Boolean operators. ![]() Note: Only capitals should be used for the Boolean Operators in Google. “carcinogenesis model development” (Asmari | Amararathna)Ĭurrently, the Boolean operator “NOT” does not work in Google and Google Scholar. This search strategy finds documents with the phrase “carcinogenesis model development” (with or without characters such as ‘period’ embedded) authored by EITHER Asmari OR Amararathna.Īs mentioned, historical Google syntax is also valid: “carcinogenesis model development” AND (Asmari OR Amararathna) Moreover, “nesting” technique (or using parentheses around the “OR” search statement) is also possible. While the features mentioned above are still valid, now Google and Google Scholar also allow employing proper Boolean Operators typically used in bibliographic databases. Most of such searches worked best when done one at a time. A minus sign could be used as a NOT operator. Savvy users also knew to search for either term at once by using the pipe character | (for example, cancer | tumor) the pipe character made Google use an “OR” between the search terms behind the scenes. So how did Google create such a simple search interface? Behind the scenes, the space between the search terms was executed by Google as a Boolean search operator “AND”. Users want flexibility, including the ability to conduct both simple and complex searches the simplicity of Google with the complexity of Boolean search operators and ‘ nesting’. Still, neither Google nor bibliographic databases could fill each others niche. On the other hand, bibliographic databases (such as PubMed) with their multiple tools for refining search results, often were perceived cumbersome and somewhat outdated in terms of design. This approach had a great appeal to the public and even its perceived limitations could not spoil that attitude. Just put a word or two in the search box and you’ll get the search results. ![]() Historically, Google and Google Scholar allowed for conducting very simple straightforward searches. ![]()
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